Quick Answer
Newfoundland issued its own coins for 82 years (1865–1947), spanning 7 denominations and 129 individual date entries. It is the only Canadian province that minted $2 gold coins and the only one to maintain a 20-cent denomination. Newfoundland was not part of Canada during this entire period — it remained a self-governing British colony until joining Confederation on April 1, 1949.
The series includes some of the lowest-mintage coins in all of Canadian numismatics, headlined by the 1946 5 cents (2,041 minted) and the 1880 $2 gold (2,500 minted).
Historical Context
Newfoundland's coinage story is unlike any other in Canadian numismatics. While the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island all eventually merged into the Dominion of Canada (1867–1873), Newfoundland charted its own course for another eight decades. It was a self-governing British colony with its own parliament, its own economy, and — critically for collectors — its own coins.
In 1865, Newfoundland established a decimal currency system modeled on the Province of Canada's approach, dividing the dollar into 100 cents. The initial coinage comprised five denominations: 1 cent, 5 cents, 10 cents, 20 cents, and $2 gold. The 50-cent piece followed in 1870. All coins were struck at the Royal Mint in London until 1917, when production shifted to the Royal Canadian Mint in Ottawa — a practical wartime decision that would become permanent.
Newfoundland's economy was heavily based on the Atlantic cod fishery and related trade with Britain, the United States, and the Caribbean. This trade-oriented economy explains both the need for a stable local currency and the colony's decision to maintain its own coinage even as Canadian Confederation expanded across the continent.
Not part of Canada. This is the single most important fact for understanding Newfoundland coinage. Every coin in this series — from the 1865 cent to the 1947 five cents — was issued by a government that was independent of Canada. Newfoundland did not join Confederation until April 1, 1949, after a bitterly contested referendum. The 1947 coins are the last ever struck for the colony.
Denominations at a Glance
| Denomination | Years Issued | Date Entries | Composition | Diameter |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Cent | 1865–1947 | 26 | Bronze (95% Cu) | 25.33mm |
| 5 Cents | 1865–1947 | 29 | Sterling silver (.925), .800 from 1944 | 15.49mm |
| 10 Cents | 1865–1947 | 26 | Sterling silver (.925) | 17.98mm |
| 20 Cents | 1865–1912 | 17 | Sterling silver (.925) | 23.19mm |
| 25 Cents | 1917–1919 | 2 | Sterling silver (.925) | 23.62mm |
| 50 Cents | 1870–1919 | 21 | Sterling silver (.925) | 29.72mm |
| $2 Gold | 1865–1888 | 8 | 91.67% gold | 17.98mm |
1 Cent (1865–1947) — 26 Dates
The Newfoundland large cent is a substantial coin at 25.33mm in diameter — virtually the same size as the Canadian large cent. The reverse features the pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea), Newfoundland's floral emblem, making it one of the most botanically distinctive coin designs in the British Empire. The obverse carries the portrait of the reigning monarch.
Unlike Newfoundland's silver coins, the cent was struck in bronze throughout its entire run, making surviving examples generally more available. However, early dates with low mintages remain genuinely scarce, and the series saw no coinage at all in many years — the gaps between issues are part of what makes a complete date set so challenging.
Complete 1 Cent Mintage Table
| Year | Mintage | Monarch | Mint | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1865 | 240,000 | Victoria | London | First year of issue |
| 1872 | 200,000 | Victoria | London | |
| 1873 | 200,025 | Victoria | London | |
| 1876 | 200,000 | Victoria | London | |
| 1880 | 400,000 | Victoria | London | Varieties: round/oval 0 |
| 1885 | 40,000 | Victoria | London | Key date |
| 1888 | 100,000 | Victoria | London | |
| 1890 | 200,000 | Victoria | London | |
| 1894 | 200,000 | Victoria | London | |
| 1896 | 200,000 | Victoria | London | |
| 1904 | 100,000 | Edward VII | London | New obverse portrait |
| 1907 | 200,000 | Edward VII | London | |
| 1909 | 200,000 | Edward VII | London | |
| 1913 | 400,000 | George V | London | New obverse portrait |
| 1917 | 702,350 | George V | Ottawa | First Ottawa issue; "C" mint mark |
| 1919 | 300,000 | George V | Ottawa | |
| 1920 | 302,184 | George V | Ottawa | |
| 1929 | 300,000 | George V | Ottawa | |
| 1936 | 300,000 | George V | Ottawa | Last George V issue |
| 1938 | 500,000 | George VI | Ottawa | New obverse portrait |
| 1940 | 300,000 | George VI | Ottawa | |
| 1941 | 827,662 | George VI | Ottawa | Wartime high mintage |
| 1942 | 1,239,732 | George VI | Ottawa | Highest mintage in series |
| 1943 | 1,239,732 | George VI | Ottawa | |
| 1944 | 1,328,776 | George VI | Ottawa | |
| 1947 | 313,772 | George VI | Ottawa | Final year of Newfoundland coinage |
The 1885 cent is the key date with a mintage of just 40,000 — the lowest in the entire cent series. It is scarce in any grade and genuinely rare in uncirculated condition. Note the enormous gap from 1896 to 1904 — eight years with no cents struck, reflecting Newfoundland's irregular minting schedule.
5 Cents (1865–1947) — 29 Dates
The Newfoundland 5-cent piece is a tiny sterling silver coin, just 15.49mm in diameter — smaller than a Canadian dime. Its small size makes it prone to wear and loss, and many surviving examples are in lower grades. The series spans the entire 82-year run of Newfoundland coinage and contains the single rarest regular-issue coin in the entire Newfoundland series.
From 1865 to 1943, the 5 cents was struck in .925 sterling silver. In 1944, the composition changed to .800 fine silver — following Canada's lead, but a full 24 years later. This makes the 1944–1947 issues compositionally distinct and worth noting in any collection.
Complete 5 Cents Mintage Table
| Year | Mintage | Monarch | Mint | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1865 | 80,000 | Victoria | London | First year of issue |
| 1870 | 40,000 | Victoria | London | Scarce early date |
| 1872 | 40,000 | Victoria | London | |
| 1873 | 44,260 | Victoria | London | |
| 1876 | 20,000 | Victoria | London | Key date |
| 1880 | 40,000 | Victoria | London | |
| 1881 | 40,000 | Victoria | London | |
| 1882 | 60,000 | Victoria | London | |
| 1885 | 16,000 | Victoria | London | Key date — very scarce |
| 1888 | 40,000 | Victoria | London | |
| 1890 | 160,000 | Victoria | London | |
| 1894 | 160,000 | Victoria | London | |
| 1896 | 400,000 | Victoria | London | Highest Victoria mintage |
| 1903 | 100,000 | Edward VII | London | New obverse portrait |
| 1904 | 100,000 | Edward VII | London | |
| 1908 | 400,000 | Edward VII | London | |
| 1912 | 300,000 | George V | London | |
| 1917 | 300,319 | George V | Ottawa | First Ottawa issue; "C" mint mark |
| 1919 | 100,844 | George V | Ottawa | |
| 1929 | 300,000 | George V | Ottawa | |
| 1938 | 100,000 | George VI | Ottawa | New obverse portrait |
| 1940 | 200,000 | George VI | Ottawa | |
| 1941 | 621,641 | George VI | Ottawa | |
| 1942 | 298,348 | George VI | Ottawa | |
| 1943 | 351,666 | George VI | Ottawa | Last .925 silver issue |
| 1944 | 286,504 | George VI | Ottawa | Changed to .800 silver |
| 1945 | 203,828 | George VI | Ottawa | |
| 1946 | 2,041 | George VI | Ottawa | Rarest regular-issue NFL coin |
| 1947 | 38,400 | George VI | Ottawa | Final year of issue |
The 1946 five cents: 2,041 minted. This is one of the lowest mintages of any regular-issue coin in all of Canadian and provincial numismatic history. To put it in perspective, even the legendary Canadian 1921 silver 5 cents had a mintage of 2,582,495 (though most were melted). The 1946 Newfoundland 5 cents is a genuine rarity from the moment it was struck — no melting required to make it scarce. Finding one in any grade is a significant accomplishment.
10 Cents (1865–1947) — 26 Dates
The Newfoundland 10-cent piece was struck in .925 sterling silver throughout its entire run, with a diameter of 17.98mm. Like the 5 cents, it spans the full lifetime of Newfoundland coinage from Victoria through George VI. The reverse features the denomination within a wreath, consistent with British colonial coinage design conventions of the era.
Key 10 Cent Dates
| Year | Mintage | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1865 | 80,000 | First year of issue |
| 1870 | 30,000 | Key date — very scarce |
| 1872 | 40,000 | |
| 1873 | 23,614 | Key date |
| 1876 | 10,000 | Key date — lowest 10c mintage |
| 1880 | 10,000 | Key date |
| 1882 | 20,000 | |
| 1885 | 8,000 | Key date — very scarce |
| 1888 | 30,000 | |
| 1890 | 100,000 | |
| 1894 | 100,000 | |
| 1896 | 230,000 | |
| 1903 | 100,000 | |
| 1904 | 100,000 | |
| 1912 | 150,000 | |
| 1917 | 250,805 | First Ottawa issue |
| 1919 | 54,342 | |
| 1938 | 100,000 | |
| 1940 | 100,000 | |
| 1941 | 483,630 | |
| 1942 | 292,736 | |
| 1943 | 104,706 | |
| 1944 | 151,471 | |
| 1945 | 175,833 | |
| 1946 | 38,400 | |
| 1947 | 61,988 | Final year |
The 1876 and 1880 issues share the lowest mintage at just 10,000 each, while the 1885 ten cents at 8,000 is the scarcest of all. Early Victorian dates in the 10-cent series are consistently difficult — the small size of the island's economy simply did not require large coin runs.
20 Cents (1865–1912) — 17 Dates
The 20-cent denomination is unique to Newfoundland. While the Province of Canada (and later the Dominion) adopted the 25-cent piece as its standard quarter-dollar, Newfoundland chose 20 cents — a denomination more closely aligned with the British shilling in practical terms. This coin is one of the hallmarks of a Newfoundland collection and is always the denomination that draws the most curiosity from non-specialists.
The 20 cents was struck in .925 sterling silver with a diameter of 23.19mm. It was discontinued after 1912 and replaced by the 25-cent piece in 1917, marking the end of one of the most distinctive denominations in North American numismatics.
Complete 20 Cents Mintage Table
| Year | Mintage | Monarch | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1865 | 100,000 | Victoria | First year of issue |
| 1870 | 50,000 | Victoria | |
| 1872 | 90,000 | Victoria | |
| 1873 | 45,797 | Victoria | |
| 1876 | 50,000 | Victoria | |
| 1880 | 30,000 | Victoria | |
| 1881 | 60,000 | Victoria | |
| 1882 | 100,000 | Victoria | |
| 1885 | 40,000 | Victoria | |
| 1888 | 75,000 | Victoria | |
| 1890 | 100,000 | Victoria | |
| 1894 | 100,000 | Victoria | |
| 1896 | 125,000 | Victoria | |
| 1899 | 125,000 | Victoria | |
| 1900 | 125,000 | Victoria | |
| 1904 | 75,000 | Edward VII | |
| 1912 | 350,000 | George V | Last year of 20c denomination |
Why 20 cents and not 25? When Newfoundland designed its coinage in 1865, the 20-cent piece fit neatly into a system where 5 twenty-cent pieces made a dollar. This was arguably more logical than the Canadian 25-cent piece, which has no tidy relationship to 10s. The 20-cent denomination was also used by the United States (briefly, in 1875–1878) and is standard in many European and Commonwealth currencies today. Newfoundland kept it for 47 years before finally adopting the 25-cent standard in 1917.
25 Cents (1917, 1919 Only) — 2 Dates
The Newfoundland 25-cent piece has the distinction of being one of the shortest-lived denominations in the series — struck in only two years before Newfoundland stopped producing silver coins above the 10-cent level. Both issues were struck at Ottawa in .925 sterling silver.
| Year | Mintage | Mint | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1917 | 464,779 | Ottawa | First and more common date; "C" mint mark |
| 1919 | 163,939 | Ottawa | Scarcer of the two; final 25c issue |
The 1919 issue at 163,939 is the scarcer of the two and commands a premium, but neither date is exceedingly rare by Newfoundland standards. What makes them notable is the rarity of having only two dates to collect — a "complete" 25-cent set is within reach of most collectors, making it an appealing entry point to Newfoundland numismatics.
50 Cents (1870–1919) — 21 Dates
The Newfoundland 50-cent piece is the largest silver coin in the series at 29.72mm in diameter, struck in .925 sterling silver. With 21 dates spanning nearly half a century, the fifty cents offers a rich collecting challenge — several dates have very low mintages, and the denomination includes some of the most attractive designs in the Newfoundland series.
Key 50 Cent Dates
| Year | Mintage | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1870 | 50,000 | First year of issue |
| 1872 | 48,000 | |
| 1873 | 32,000 | |
| 1874 | 80,000 | |
| 1876 | 28,000 | Key date |
| 1880 | 24,000 | |
| 1881 | 50,000 | |
| 1882 | 100,000 | |
| 1885 | 40,000 | |
| 1888 | 20,000 | Key date — lowest 50c mintage |
| 1894 | 40,000 | |
| 1896 | 60,000 | |
| 1898 | 76,607 | |
| 1899 | 150,000 | |
| 1900 | 150,000 | |
| 1901 | 80,000 | Last Victoria issue |
| 1904 | 140,000 | Edward VII portrait |
| 1907 | 100,000 | |
| 1908 | 160,000 | |
| 1909 | 200,000 | |
| 1919 | 306,267 | Final year; struck at Ottawa |
The 1888 fifty cents at 20,000 is the scarcest in the series, followed by the 1876 at 28,000. Both are highly prized by specialists. The large diameter and heavy silver content of these coins means that many were melted during periods of high silver prices, making survivors scarcer than the mintage figures alone would suggest.
$2 Gold (1865–1888) — 8 Dates
The Newfoundland $2 gold coin is the crown jewel of the series — literally. It is the only gold coin ever struck for any Canadian province, making it unique in North American numismatics. Struck in 91.67% gold (22 karat) with a diameter of just 17.98mm (the same size as the 10 cents), it is a small but extraordinarily significant coin.
The $2 gold was produced in only 8 years between 1865 and 1888. All were struck at the Royal Mint in London. Production ceased after 1888 as Newfoundland shifted to paper currency for larger transactions, and gold coins became impractical for a colony whose economy was heavily based on seasonal fisheries.
Complete $2 Gold Mintage Table
| Year | Mintage | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1865 | 10,000 | First year of issue |
| 1870 | 10,000 | |
| 1872 | 6,000 | Scarce |
| 1880 | 2,500 | Key date — rarest gold coin |
| 1881 | 10,000 | |
| 1882 | 25,000 | Highest mintage in series |
| 1885 | 10,000 | |
| 1888 | 25,000 | Final year of gold coinage |
The 1880 $2 gold: 2,500 minted. This is the rarest date in the gold series and one of the most coveted coins in all of Newfoundland numismatics. With only 2,500 struck, surviving examples in any condition command serious premiums. This coin is the intersection of two powerful collecting forces: Newfoundland specialists who need it for their gold set, and gold coin collectors drawn to its uniqueness as the only provincial Canadian gold issue.
Even the higher-mintage dates are scarce by modern standards. A total production of just 98,500 coins across all eight years means that every date in the $2 gold series is a meaningful find. The 1882 and 1888 issues at 25,000 each are the most "available," but even these rarely appear on the market in nice condition.
Design Evolution — Four Monarchs
Newfoundland coins span four British monarchs, each bringing a new obverse portrait. The original reverse designs were created by Leonard Charles Wyon, chief engraver at the Royal Mint, and remained largely unchanged throughout the series.
Queen Victoria (1865–1901)
Victoria's portrait appears on the earliest and most plentiful portion of the series. The obverse shows a youthful laureate bust (used from the beginning) with the inscription "VICTORIA D:G: REG: / NEWFOUNDLAND." On the 1 cent reverse, Wyon's pitcher plant design is distinctive and immediately recognizable. The silver denominations feature the value within a wreath, while the $2 gold displays a crowned denomination.
King Edward VII (1903–1912)
Edward VII's portrait, showing a right-facing crowned bust, appears on coins from 1903 (or 1904 for some denominations) through 1912. His relatively short reign means that Edward VII Newfoundland coins are less common as a group.
King George V (1912–1936)
George V coins span 1912 through 1936 and include the important transition from London to Ottawa minting in 1917. His crowned bust faces left. The George V era saw the introduction of the 25-cent piece and the end of the 20-cent and 50-cent denominations.
King George VI (1938–1947)
The final monarch on Newfoundland coins, George VI's uncrowned portrait faces left. His coins are all struck at Ottawa and include the wartime high-mintage issues of 1941–1944 as well as the ultra-rare 1946 five cents. The "ET IND:IMP:" (Emperor of India) inscription appears on coins through 1947.
Key Dates & Rarities — The Top 8
Across all seven denominations, these are the coins that every Newfoundland specialist watches for:
| Rank | Coin | Mintage | Why It Matters |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1946 5 Cents | 2,041 | Lowest mintage regular-issue Newfoundland coin |
| 2 | 1880 $2 Gold | 2,500 | Rarest provincial gold coin in Canada |
| 3 | 1872 $2 Gold | 6,000 | Second-rarest gold date |
| 4 | 1885 10 Cents | 8,000 | Lowest mintage 10c |
| 5 | 1876 10 Cents | 10,000 | Tied for second-lowest 10c mintage |
| 6 | 1885 5 Cents | 16,000 | Key date in the 5c series |
| 7 | 1888 50 Cents | 20,000 | Rarest 50c date |
| 8 | 1876 5 Cents | 20,000 | Tied for rarest Victoria 5c |
1885 — A banner year for rarities. Across three denominations, 1885 produced key dates: the 1 cent (40,000), the 5 cents (16,000), and the 10 cents (8,000). Collectors attempting to build a year set for 1885 face a genuine challenge — all three are scarce, and finding them in decent condition together is uncommon.
The "C" Mint Mark — London to Ottawa
From 1865 through 1916, all Newfoundland coins were struck at the Royal Mint in London, England. These coins bear no mint mark. Beginning in 1917, production shifted to the Royal Canadian Mint in Ottawa, and these coins are identified by a small "C" mint mark.
The transition happened during World War I, when shipping coins across the U-boat-infested Atlantic became impractical and dangerous. Ottawa, already striking coins for Canada and several other countries, was the logical alternative. The arrangement proved permanent — Newfoundland never returned to the Royal Mint.
For collectors, the "C" mint mark is important for authentication and attribution. All Newfoundland coins dated 1917 and later should bear this mark. The presence or absence of the "C" on a coin claimed to be post-1916 is a useful first check for authenticity.
The Silver Composition Change (1944)
In 1920, Canada reduced the silver content of its coins from .925 sterling to .800 fine silver — a change driven by the rising cost of silver. Newfoundland, operating its own currency system, did not follow suit. For the next 24 years, Newfoundland continued striking its silver coins in the traditional .925 sterling.
This finally changed in 1944, when the Newfoundland 5-cent piece switched to .800 fine silver. The 10-cent piece appears to have maintained .925 through the end of the series, though some references debate this point for the final years.
The 1944 composition change is significant for collectors because it creates a clear divide in the 5-cent series: pre-1944 coins contain 7.5% more silver per unit weight than post-1944 issues. For those interested in the precious metal content of their Newfoundland coins, this is a meaningful distinction.
Collecting Strategies
The Type Set Approach
The most accessible way to begin collecting Newfoundland is to assemble a type set — one example of each denomination. With seven denominations, this is a manageable goal. The 1 cent, 5 cents, 10 cents, 20 cents, 25 cents, and 50 cents can all be acquired in circulated grades at moderate cost. The $2 gold is the expensive piece — but even a well-worn example anchors a type set with genuine distinction.
- 1 Cent — Common dates from the 1940s are the most affordable entry point.
- 5 Cents — Avoid the 1946 for a type set; choose a common George VI date like 1941 or 1942.
- 10 Cents — Similar strategy; 1940s dates are most available.
- 20 Cents — The signature Newfoundland denomination. Any date is a good type coin.
- 25 Cents — Only two dates exist. The 1917 is the easier find.
- 50 Cents — A large, impressive silver coin. Common dates like 1899 or 1900 work well.
- $2 Gold — The trophy piece. The 1882 or 1888 at 25,000 mintage each offer the best availability.
Date Collection by Series
More advanced collectors pursue complete date runs within a single denomination. The 25-cent series (just 2 dates) is the easiest to complete. The 1-cent series (26 dates) and 5-cent series (29 dates) are achievable with patience, though the 1885 cent and the 1946 five cents are serious roadblocks. The $2 gold series (8 dates) is a prestigious accomplishment — completing it requires the 1880 at 2,500 mintage.
Key Date Focus
For collectors who prefer quality over quantity, focusing on the key dates listed above is a rewarding strategy. Acquiring the 1946 five cents, the 1880 $2 gold, and the 1885 dates across denominations puts you in rarefied company among Newfoundland specialists.
Condition matters enormously. Newfoundland coins saw heavy use in a harsh maritime climate. Salt air, rough handling in fishing communities, and decades of circulation before Confederation took their toll. Finding any pre-1900 Newfoundland coin in Extremely Fine or better condition is noteworthy. Uncirculated examples of early dates are genuinely rare — the population reports from ICCS, PCGS, and NGC confirm this. For valuable dates, professional grading is well worth the investment.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why did Newfoundland mint its own coins?
Newfoundland was a self-governing British colony, entirely separate from the Dominion of Canada. It established its own decimal currency in 1865 to facilitate trade and assert economic independence. Newfoundland had its own parliament, its own trade relationships, and its own monetary needs. It did not join Canada until April 1, 1949 — two years after the last Newfoundland coins were struck.
What happened to Newfoundland coins after 1949?
When Newfoundland joined Confederation, Canadian currency became legal tender in the province. Newfoundland coins continued to circulate alongside Canadian coins for years but were gradually withdrawn. Many were melted for their silver content, especially the sterling silver issues, during periods of high silver prices. This melting has made survivors of low-mintage dates even scarcer than their original production numbers suggest.
What is the rarest Newfoundland coin?
The rarest regular-issue Newfoundland coin is the 1946 5 cents, with a mintage of just 2,041 pieces. Among gold coins, the 1880 $2 gold (2,500 minted) is the most elusive. Pattern coins and proof strikes exist in even smaller numbers but fall outside the regular-issue series.
Why did Newfoundland use a 20-cent denomination?
The 20-cent denomination was part of Newfoundland's original 1865 coinage, likely influenced by British monetary tradition where the shilling was a standard unit. Five 20-cent pieces made a dollar — arguably more logical than the Canadian 25-cent piece. Newfoundland kept the 20 cents until 1912, finally replacing it with a 25-cent coin in 1917. It is unique among all Canadian provincial coinages.
Are Newfoundland coins legal tender today?
No. Newfoundland coins are not legal tender in Canada. They lost that status when Newfoundland joined Confederation in 1949 and Canadian currency replaced them. Today they are valued purely as collectibles, with most silver and gold issues worth far more than their original face value due to precious metal content and numismatic demand.
How can I identify genuine Newfoundland coins?
Genuine Newfoundland coins bear the reigning British monarch on the obverse and the inscription "NEWFOUNDLAND" on the reverse. Coins struck from 1917 onward at Ottawa carry a small "C" mint mark. Weight and diameter measurements against published specifications are the first line of authentication. For valuable dates like the 1946 five cents or 1880 $2 gold, professional certification from ICCS, PCGS, or NGC is strongly recommended.
Sources
- Charlton Standard Catalogue of Canadian Coins — The definitive annual reference for Newfoundland mintage figures, varieties, and pricing
- Coins and Canada — Detailed Newfoundland coin data, images, and market values
- Numista — World coin catalog with technical specifications for all Newfoundland issues
- PCGS CoinFacts — Population reports and auction records for graded Newfoundland coins
- Heritage Auctions — Auction archives with realized prices for Newfoundland coins
- Library and Archives Canada — Historical records of Newfoundland colonial governance and monetary policy
- Coins of the World by R.S. Yeoman — Reference for world coinage including Newfoundland colonial issues
Guide compiled for educational purposes by Canadian Coin Heads. Mintage figures sourced from the Charlton Standard Catalogue and Coins and Canada. This guide covers regular-issue circulation and business-strike coins; pattern coins, proofs, and specimens are not included. This is not financial advice.
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